Terpenes have been analyzed in numerous commodities within the food and beverage industry. The desire to understand and capitalize on this entourage effect is the motivation for terpenes testing in the cannabis industry. According to Russo et al., terpenes play a major role in the entourage effect, which is the synergistic interaction between phytocannabinoids and terpenoids with respect to treating numerous ailments (e.g., depression) ( Russo, 2011). Each cannabis chemovar has its own unique terpene profile giving consumers different aromas, flavors, and experiences depending on the chemovar they use. Over 100 terpenes have been identified in different cannabis chemical varieties (chemovars) ( Calvi et al., 2018). The two types of terpenes that are commonly analyzed in the cannabis testing industry are monoterpenes, which have two isoprene units, and sesquiterpenes, which have three isoprene units. Terpenes are made up of isoprene units and are classified by the number of their isoprene units ( Nutinnen, 2018). Terpenes are a naturally occurring set of organic compounds, which are commonly found in plants, and are typically strong in odor ( Nutinnen, 2018).
Of the examinations conducted in cannabis testing laboratories, terpenes profiling is a popular analysis, regardless of state regulations.
The market is projected to almost double at $2,187.3 million by 2024 ( Market Data Forecast, 2020). A 2020 report by Market Data Forecast valued the global cannabis testing market at $1,218.0 million in 2019 and estimated it to be growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.42% ( Market Data Forecast, 2020). As the United States and additional countries continue to legalize the use of medicinal and recreational cannabis, analytical testing demands increase. In 2019, cannabis use for medicinal purposes in the United States generated $4 billion to $4.9 billion in sales, compared to the adult-use estimates between $6.6 billion and $8.1 billion ( Marijuana Business Daily, 2020). The legal cannabis market is one of the fastest growing markets across the globe. Sample workflows and results are discussed, with an evaluation of the advantages/limitations of each approach and opportunities for future work. The LI-Syringe approach was deemed the most straightforward and robust method with terpene working ranges of 0.04–5.12 μg/mL r 2 values of 0.988–0.996 (0.993 average) limit of quantitation values of 0.017–0.129 μg/mL (0.047 average) analytical precisions of 2.58–9.64% RSD (1.56 average) overall ASE-LI-Syringe-GC-MS method precisions of 1.73–14.6% RSD (4.97 average) and % recoveries of 84.6–98.9% (90.2 average) for the 23 terpenes of interest. Introduction techniques included Headspace-Syringe (HS-Syringe), HS-Solid Phase Microextraction Arrow (HS-SPME Arrow), Direct Immersion-SPME Arrow (DI-SPME Arrow), and Liquid Injection-Syringe (LI-Syringe). more modern sample introduction techniques for analyzing terpenes via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This research focused on implementation of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), utilizing surrogate matrix matching, and evaluation of traditional vs. One of the main tests conducted on cannabis products is the analysis for terpenes. As state-wide legalization increases, so do demands for analytical testing methodologies. The cannabis market is expanding exponentially in the United States.
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